Language

Published Research Record

Public Health Interventions for Cholera Control and Prevention: Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Perspective.

SYLVESTER CHIBUEZE IZAH; NSIKAK GODWIN ETIM; OLUBUNMI OLAYEMI ALAKA; BORIS CHICHEBEM NWACHUKWU; GODWIN JOSHUA

Greener Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health · Greener Journals · 2024

Paper ID: RQL-PAPER-2026-000084 · DOI: 10.15580/gjeph.2024.1.102024145 · Views: 44

Published Paper Record

Paper Information

Publication Date: 2024-11-19 | Volume: 12 | Issue: 1 | Pages: 1-15

Type: Journal article | Discipline: Public Health | Subject Area: - | Language: English

DOI: 10.15580/gjeph.2024.1.102024145

Abstract

Cholera remains a significant public health challenge, particularly in endemic regions where inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions prevail. This paper focuses on public health interventions for cholera control and prevention. The study found that integrating WASH programmes into cholera control strategies is critical for reducing the disease burden. Robust evidence demonstrates that enhancing water quality, improving sanitation infrastructure, and promoting effective hygiene practices can significantly lower the risk of cholera outbreaks. Also, community-based approaches focusing on safe water sources and effective purification methods are essential for sustainable cholera prevention. Furthermore, targeted hygiene promotion initiatives emphasizing handwashing and food safety are vital for fostering behavioural change and minimizing transmission. While the challenges of implementing WASH interventions in urban slums and refugee camps persist, successful case studies highlight the importance of coordinated efforts, community engagement, and investment in infrastructure. By prioritizing WASH initiatives within cholera prevention frameworks, stakeholders can significantly enhance their capacity to manage outbreaks and safeguard the health of vulnerable populations. Finally, a broad, multi-faceted approach to WASH is crucial for achieving long-term cholera control and moving toward a future where cholera no longer poses a persistent threat to global health.

Files and Links

Publisher / DOI Page

Enhanced Outputs and RQL Services

Research Media

No video or video abstract has been added for this paper yet.

No MP3/audio version has been added for this paper yet.

AI Review / Language Services

No public AI review, language audit, polish, or translation output has been attached to this paper page yet.

PQS / PPR Status

Paper Quality Score: Pending

PQS means Paper Quality Score. It may appear as AI Preliminary, Human Reviewed, or Certified depending on the evidence used. Learn more

PPR is the post-publication review workflow. PQS is the paper-level score outcome. PQS is not automatically calculated from imported metadata.

PPR Listing: Not Listed

PPR Comments: 0 completed / 2 required for Human Reviewed PQS.

Pending. PQS is not automatically calculated from import metadata.

References

Abubakar, S. F., & Ibrahim, M. O. (2022). Optimal control analysis of treatment strategies of the dynamics of cholera. Journal of Optimization, 2022(1), 2314104. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2314104 Aibana, O., Franke, M. F., Teng, J. E., Hilaire, J., Raymond, M., & Ivers, L. C. (2013). Correction: Cholera vaccination campaign contributes to improved knowledge regarding cholera and improved practice relevant to waterborne disease in rural Haiti. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 7(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/13f018ff-b71a-4c5e-a276-d4b4ae608fee Ali, M., Sen Gupta, S., Arora, N., Khasnobis, P., Venkatesh, S., Sur, D., Nair, G. B., Sack, D. A., & Ganguly, N. K. (2017). Identification of burden hotspots and risk factors for cholera in India: An observational study. PLOS ONE, 12(8), e0183100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183100 Ali, M., Lopez, A. L., You, Y. A., Kim, Y. E., Sah, B., Maskery, B., & Clemens, J. (2012). The global burden of cholera. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90(3), 209-218. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.11.093427 Ali, M., Nelson, A. R., Lopez, A. L., & Sack, D. A. (2015). Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(6), e0003832. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003832 Anetor, G. O., & Abraham, F. (2020). Knowledge of cholera and its prevention amongst urban residents of a district in Abuja: The pivotal role of health education. Research Journal of Health Sciences, 8(2), 102-112. https://doi.org/10.4314/rejhs.v8i2.6 Asante Antwi, H., Zhou, L., Xu, X., & Mustafa, T. (2021). Beyond COVID-19 pandemic: An integrative review of global health crisis influencing the evolution and practice of corporate social responsibility. Healthcare, 9(4), 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040453 Baličević, S. A., Elimian, K. O., King, C., Diaconu, K., Akande, O. W., Ihekweazu, V., Trolle, H., Gaudenzi, G., Forsberg, B., & Alfven, T. (2023). Influences of community engagement and health system strengthening for cholera control in cholera reporting countries. BMJ Global Health, 8(12), e013788. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013788 Semá Baltazar, C., Langa, J. P., Dengo Baloi, L., Wood, R., Ouedraogo, I., Njanpop-Lafourcade, B. M., Inguane, D., Elias Chitio, J., Mhlanga, T., Gujral, L., et al. (2017). Multi-site cholera surveillance within the African cholera surveillance network shows endemicity in Mozambique, 2011-2015. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 11(10), e0005941. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005941 Bi, Q., Azman, A. S., Satter, S. M., Khan, A. I., Ahmed, D., Riaj, A. A., Gurley, E. S., & Lessler, J. (2016). Micro-scale spatial clustering of cholera risk factors in urban Bangladesh. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10(2), e0004400. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004400 Bocha, M. A., Gachohi, J., Karanja, S., & Mwachari, C. (2023). Water, sanitation and hygienic (WASH) risk factors that promote cholera outbreaks in Nairobi County. African Journal of Health Sciences, 36(2), 104-112. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajhs.v36i2.2 Bompangue, D., Moore, S., Taty, N., Impouma, B., Sudre, B., Manda, R., Balde, T., Mboussou, F., & Vandevelde, T. (2019). Cholera epidemic in Kinshasa 2017-2018: Targeted community-grid WASH strategy rapidly interrupts cholera transmission throughout the city. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.9821/v1 Bompangue, D., Moore, S., Taty, N., Impouma, B., Sudre, B., Manda, R., Balde, T., Mboussou, F., & Vandevelde, T. (2020). Description of the targeted water supply and hygiene response strategy implemented during the cholera outbreak of 2017-2018 in Kinshasa, DRC. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-4916-0 Rebaudet, S., Bulit, G., Gaudart, J., Michel, E., Gazin, P., Evers, C., Beaulieu, S., Abedi, A. A., Osei, L., Barrais, R., et al. (2018). The national alert-response strategy against cholera in Haiti: A four-year assessment of its implementation. bioRxiv, 259366. https://doi.org/10.1101/259366 Burnett, E., Dalipanda, T., Ogaoga, D., Gaiofa, J., Jilini, G., Halpin, A., Dietz, V., Date, K., Mintz, E., Hyde, T., et al. (2016). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding diarrhea and cholera following an oral cholera vaccination campaign in the Solomon Islands. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10(8), e0004937. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004937 Burrowes, V., Perin, J., Monira, S., Sack, D. A., Rashid, M. U., Mahamud, T., Rahman, Z., Mustafiz, M., Bhuyian, S. I., Begum, F., et al. (2017). Risk factors for household transmission of Vibrio cholerae in Dhaka, Bangladesh (CHoBI7 trial). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 96(6), 1382-1387. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0871 Challa, J. M., Getachew, T., Debella, A., Merid, M., Atnafe, G., Eyeberu, A., Birhanu, A., & Regassa, L. D. (2022). Inadequate hand washing, lack of clean drinking water and latrines as major determinants of cholera outbreak in Somali Region, Ethiopia in 2019. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 845057. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.845057 Childs, L., François, J., Choudhury, A., Wannemuehler, K., Dismer, A., Hyde, T. B., Yen, C. Y., Date, K. A., Juin, S., Katz, M. A., et al. (2016). Evaluation of knowledge and practices regarding cholera, water treatment, hygiene, and sanitation before and after an oral cholera vaccination campaign-Haiti, 2013-2014. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95(6), 1305-1313. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0555 D'Mello-Guyett, L., Cumming, O., Bonneville, S., D'hondt, R., Mashako, M., Nakoka, B., Gorski, A., Verheyen, D., Van den Bergh, R., Welo, P. O., et al. (2021). Effectiveness of hygiene kit distribution to reduce cholera transmission in Kasaï-Oriental, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2018: A prospective cohort study. BMJ Open, 11(10), e050943. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050943 D'Mello-Guyett, L., Gallandat, K., Van den Bergh, R., Taylor, D., Bulit, G., Legros, D., Maes, P., Checchi, F., & Cumming, O. (2020). Prevention and control of cholera with household and community water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions: A scoping review of current international guidelines. PLoS One, 15(1), e0226549. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226549 D'Mello-Guyett, L., Greenland, K., Bonneville, S., D'hondt, R., Mashako, M., Gorski, A., Verheyen, D., Van den Bergh, R., Maes, P., Checchi, F., & Cumming, O. (2020). Distribution of hygiene kits during a cholera outbreak in Kasaï-Oriental, Democratic Republic of Congo: A process evaluation. Conflict and Health, 14, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-020-00294-w Dalhat, M. M., Isa, A. N., Nguku, P., Nasir, S. G., Urban, K., Abdulaziz, M., Dankoli, R. S., Nsubuga, P., & Poggensee, G. (2014). Descriptive characterization of the 2010 cholera outbreak in Nigeria. BMC Public Health, 14, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1167 Dan-Nwafor, C. C., Ogbonna, U., Onyiah, P., Gidado, S., Adebobola, B., Nguku, P., & Nsubuga, P. (2019). A cholera outbreak in a rural North Central Nigerian community: An unmatched case-control study. BMC Public Health, 19, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6299-3 Démolis, R., Botão, C., Heyerdahl, L. W., Gessner, B. D., Cavailler, P., Sinai, C., Magaço, A., Le Gargasson, J. B., Mengel, M., & Guillermet, E. (2018). A rapid qualitative assessment of oral cholera vaccine anticipated acceptability in a context of resistance towards cholera intervention in Nampula, Mozambique. Vaccine, 36(44), 6497-6505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.087 Denue, B. A., Akawu, C. B., Kwayabura, S. A., & Kida, I. (2018). Low case fatality during 2017 cholera outbreak in Borno State, North Eastern Nigeria. Annals of African Medicine, 17(4), 203-209. https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_66_17 Ebob, T. (2020a). An overview of cholera epidemiology: A focus on Africa; with a keen interest on Nigeria. International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health, 41(3), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2019/v40i330229 Ebob, T. (2020b). Cholera prevention and control strategies; A global overview. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 32(12), 27-53. https://doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2020/v32i1230540 Elimian, K., King, C., Dewa, O., Pembi, E., Gandi, B., Yennan, S., Myles, P., Pritchard, C., Forsberg, B. C., & Alfvén, T. (2023). Healthcare workers knowledge of cholera multi-stranded interventions and its determining factors in North-East Nigeria: Planning and policy implications. Human Resources for Health, 21(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-023-00796-7 Elimian, K., King, C., Diaconu, K., Ansah, J., Yennan, S., Ochu, C., Pembi, E., Benjamin, G., Forsberg, B., Ihekweazu, C., & Alfvén, T. (2021). Understanding the factors enabling and blocking sustained implementation of cholera interventions in a fragile region of Nigeria: A multi-phase group model building study protocol. F1000Research, 10, 85. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.50831.1 Elimian, K. O., Musah, A., Mezue, S., Oyebanji, O., Yennan, S., Jinadu, A., Williams, N., Ogunleye, A., Fall, I. S., Yao, M., et al. (2019). Descriptive epidemiology of cholera outbreak in Nigeria, January-November, 2018: Implications for the global roadmap strategy. BMC Public Health, 19, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7559-6 Endres, K., Mwishingo, A., Thomas, E., Boroto, R., Ntumba Nyarukanyi, W., Bisimwa, J. C., Sanvura, P., Perin, J., Bengehya, J., Maheshe, G., et al. (2023). A quantitative and qualitative program evaluation of a case-area targeted intervention to reduce cholera in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21010027 Fayiah, M., Kandeh, B., Izah, S. C., & Saccoh, S. (2024). Rural water management status, threats, and prospects: A case study of Sierra Leone. In S. Madhav, S. C. Izah, E. D. van Hullebusch, & A. L. Srivastav (Eds.), Water resources management for rural development (pp. 263-274). Elsevier. Finger, F., Bertuzzo, E., Luquero, F. J., Naibei, N., Touré, B., Allan, M., Porten, K., Lessler, J., Rinaldo, A., & Azman, A. S. (2018). The potential impact of case-area targeted interventions in response to cholera outbreaks: A modeling study. PLoS Medicine, 15(2), e1002509. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002509 Fung, I. C. H., Fitter, D. L., Borse, R. H., Meltzer, M. I., & Tappero, J. W. (2013). Modeling the effect of water, sanitation, and hygiene and oral cholera vaccine implementation in Haiti. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 89(4), 633. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0201 Gelting, R., Bliss, K., Patrick, M., Lockhart, G., & Handzel, T. (2013). Water, sanitation and hygiene in Haiti: Past, present, and future. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 89(4), 665. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0217 George, C. M., Biswas, S., Jung, D., Perin, J., Parvin, T., Monira, S., Saif-Ur-Rahman, K. M., Rashid, M. U., Bhuyian, S. I., & Thomas, E. D. (2017). Psychosocial factors mediating the effect of the CHoBI7 intervention on handwashing with soap: A randomized controlled trial. Health Education & Behavior, 44(4), 613-625. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198116683141 George, C. M., Parvin, T., Bhuyian, M. S. I., Uddin, I. M., Zohura, F., Masud, J., Monira, S., Sack, D. A., Perin, J., Alam, M., & Faruque, A. S. G. (2022). Randomized controlled trial of the Cholera-Hospital-Based-Intervention-for-7-Days (CHoBI7) Cholera Rapid Response Program to reduce diarrheal diseases in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12905. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912905 Graveleau, J., Reserva, M. E., Keita, A., Molinari, R., & Constantin De Magny, G. (2021). Influence of community-led total sanitation and water coverages in the control of cholera in Madarounfa, Niger (2018). Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 643079. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.643079 Guillaume, Y., Raymond, M., Jerome, G. J., Ternier, R., & Ivers, L. C. (2019). "It was a ravage!": Lived experiences of epidemic cholera in rural Haiti. BMJ Global Health, 4(6), e001834. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001834 Heylen, C., Ali, C., Gallandat, K., Lantagne, D., & String, G. (2021). Household disinfection interventions to prevent cholera transmission: Facilitators, barriers, training, and evidence needs. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 105(3), 611. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1314 Hounmanou, Y. M., Mdegela, R. H., Dougnon, T. V., Mhongole, O. J., Mayila, E. S., Malakalinga, J., Makingi, G., & Dalsgaard, A. (2016). Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 in vegetables and fish raised in wastewater irrigated fields and stabilization ponds during a non-cholera outbreak period in Morogoro, Tanzania: An environmental health study. BMC Research Notes, 9(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-2283-0 Islam, M. T., Khan, A. I., Khan, Z. H., Tanvir, N. A., Ahmmed, F., Afrad, M. M. H., Begum, Y. A., Kim, M., Hasan, A. M., Vandenent, M., & others. (2021). Acute watery diarrhea surveillance during the Rohingya crisis 2017-2019 in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 224(Supplement_7), S717-S724. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab453 Iyiola, A. O., Afolabi, O. A., Alimi, S. K., Akingba, O. O., Izah, S. C., & Ogwu, M. C. (2024). Climate change and water crisis in the Global South. In S. C. Izah, M. C. Ogwu, A. Loukas, & H. Hamidifar (Eds.), Water crises and sustainable management in the Global South (pp. 111-140). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4966-9_4 Izah, S. C., Jacob, D. E., Nelson, I. U., & Daniel, K. S. (2024a). Exploring the influence of protected areas on water crises in the Global South: A balancing act. In S. C. Izah, M. C. Ogwu, A. Loukas, & H. Hamidifar (Eds.), Water crises and sustainable management in the Global South (pp. 625-654). Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-97-4966-9_20 Izah, S. C., Jacob, D. E., Nelson, I. U., & Avez, S. (2024b). Urban water crisis in the Global South. In S. C. Izah, M. C. Ogwu, A. Loukas, & H. Hamidifar (Eds.), Water crises and sustainable management in the Global South (pp. 45-83). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4966-9_2 Izah, S. C., Ngun, C. T., Iniaghe, P. O., Aigberua, A. O., & Odubo, T. C. (2023). Processes of decontamination and elimination of toxic metals from water and wastewaters. In S. K. Shukla, S. Kumar, S. Madhav, & P. K. Mishra (Eds.), Metals in water: Global sources, significance, and treatment (pp. 239-262). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95919-3.00003-3 Izah, S. C., Ngun, C. T., & Richard, G. (2022). Microbial quality of groundwater in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: Health implications and effective treatment technologies. In A. L. Srivastav, S. Madhav, A. K. Bhardwaj, & E. Valsami-Jones (Eds.), Urban water crisis and management: Strategies for sustainable development (pp. 149-172). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91838-1.00010-5 Jacob, D. E., Nelson, I. U., & Izah, S. C. (2024a). Indigenous water management strategies in the Global South. In S. C. Izah, M. C. Ogwu, A. Loukas, & H. Hamidifar (Eds.), Water crises and sustainable management in the Global South (pp. 487-525). Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-97-4966-9_16 Jacob, D. E., Nelson, I. U., Eniang, E. A., & Izah, S. C. (2024b). Advancing water security and resilience in the Global South through recreational development. In S. C. Izah, M. C. Ogwu, A. Loukas, & H. Hamidifar (Eds.), Water crises and sustainable management in the Global South (pp. 527-554). Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-97-4966-9_17 Jacob, D. E., Nelson, I. U., Izah, S. C., & Daniel, K. S. (2024c). Rural water crises in the Global South: Understanding the scope and impact. In S. C. Izah, M. C. Ogwu, A. Loukas, & H. Hamidifar (Eds.), Water crises and sustainable management in the Global South (pp. 3-44). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4966-9_1 Jahan, S. (2016). Cholera-epidemiology, prevention and control. In Significance, prevention and control of food related diseases (pp. 145-157). InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/63358 Kang, S., Chowdhury, F., Park, J., Ahmed, T., Tadesse, B. T., Islam, M. T., Kim, D. R., Im, J., Aziz, A. B., Hoque, M., & others. (2022). Are better existing WASH practices in urban slums associated with a lower long-term risk of severe cholera? A prospective cohort study with 4 years of follow-up in Mirpur, Bangladesh. BMJ Open, 12(9), e060858. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-060858 Kaur, G., Salem-Bango, L., Nery, A. L. M. D. S., Solomon, E. C., Ihemezue, E., Kelly, C., Altare, C., Azman, A. S., Spiegel, P. B., & Lantagne, D. (2023). Implementation considerations in case-area targeted interventions to prevent cholera transmission in Northeast Nigeria: A qualitative analysis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 17(4), e0011298. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.001 Khan, A. I., Islam, M. T., Khan, Z. H., Tanvir, N. A., Amin, M. A., Khan, I. I., Bhuiyan, A. T. M., Hasan, A. M., Islam, M. S., Bari, T. I. A., et al. (2023). Implementation and delivery of oral cholera vaccination campaigns in humanitarian crisis settings among Rohingya Myanmar nationals in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Vaccines, 11(4), 843. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11040843 Lantagne, D., & Yates, T. (2018). Household water treatment and cholera control. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 218(suppl_3), S147-S153. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy488 Leung, T., Eaton, J., & Matrajt, L. (2022). Optimizing one-dose and two-dose cholera vaccine allocation in outbreak settings: A modeling study. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 16(4), e0010358. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010358 Owhonda, G., Luke, A., Ogbondah, B. O., Nwadiuto, I., Abikor, V., & Owhondah, E. (2023). Outbreak investigation of cholera in a rural community, Rivers State Nigeria: an interventional epidemiological study. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 10(2), 860-868. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20230248 Mahapatra, T., Mahapatra, S., Babu, G. R., Tang, W., Banerjee, B., Mahapatra, U., & Das, A. (2014). Cholera outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia: descriptive analysis, 2003-2012. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 67(3), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken.67.145 Matias, W. R., Teng, J. E., Hilaire, I. J., Harris, J. B., Franke, M. F., & Ivers, L. C. (2017). Household and individual risk factors for cholera among cholera vaccine recipients in rural Haiti. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 97(2), 436. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0407 Moslen, M., Miebaka, C. A., & Izah, S. C. (2024). Occurrence and management of toxicity associated with parasitic pathogens in drinking water sources in rural areas in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. In S. Madhav, S. C. Izah, E. D. van Hullebusch, & A. L. Srivastav (Eds.), Water Resources Management for Rural Development (pp. 275-286). Elsevier. Munier, A., Njanpop-Lafourcade, B. M., Sauvageot, D., Mhlanga, R. B., Heyerdahl, L., Nadri, J., Wood, R., Ouedraogo, I., Blake, A., Akilimali Mukelenge, L., et al. (2017, January). The African cholera surveillance network (Africhol) consortium meeting, 10-11 June 2015, Lomé, Togo. BMC Proceedings, 11, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12919-016-0068-z Namawejje, H., Obuya, E., & Luboobi, L. S. (2018). Modeling optimal control of cholera disease under the interventions of vaccination, treatment and education awareness. Journal of Mathematics Research, 10(5), 137-152. https://doi.org/10.5539/jmr.v10n5p137 Ngwa, M. C., Wondimagegnehu, A., Okudo, I., Owili, C., Ugochukwu, U., Clement, P., Devaux, I., Pezzoli, L., Ihekweazu, C., Jimme, M. A., & Winch, P. (2020). The multi-sectorial emergency response to a cholera outbreak in internally displaced persons camps in Borno State, Nigeria, 2017. BMJ Global Health, 5(1), e002000. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002000 Nsagha, D. S., Atashili, J., Fon, P. N., Tanue, E. A., Ayima, C. W., & Kibu, O. D. (2015). Assessing the risk factors of cholera epidemic in the Buea Health District of Cameroon. BMC Public Health, 15, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2485-8 Numbere, A. O., Kika, E. P., & Izah, S. C. (2024). Challenges and mitigation of water resource management in rural areas in Nigeria. In S. C. Izah, M. C. Ogwu, A. Loukas, & H. Hamidifar (Eds.), Water Crises and Sustainable Management in the Global South (pp. 373-390). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4966-9_12 O'Connor, K. A., Cartwright, E., Loharikar, A., Routh, J., Gaines, J., Fouche, M. D. B., Jean-Louis, R., Ayers, T., Johnson, D., Tappero, J. W., & Roels, T. H. (2011). Risk factors early in the 2010 cholera epidemic, Haiti. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17(11), 2136. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1711.110810 Ogidi, O. I., & Izah, S. C. (2024). Water contamination by municipal solid wastes and sustainable management strategies. In S. C. Izah, M. C. Ogwu, A. Loukas, & H. Hamidifar (Eds.), Water Crises and Sustainable Management in the Global South (pp. 313-339). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4966-9_10 Ogisma, L., Li, T., Xiao, H., O'Donnell, F., & Molnar, J. (2021). Analysis of community‐level factors contributing to cholera infection and water testing access in the Northern Corridor of Haiti. Water Environment Research, 93(10), 1819-1828. https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.1591 Parker, L. A., Rumunu, J., Jamet, C., Kenyi, Y., Lino, R. L., Wamala, J. F., Mpairwe, A. M., Muller, V., Llosa, A. E., Uzzeni, F., et al. (2017). Neighborhood-targeted and case-triggered use of a single dose of oral cholera vaccine in an urban setting: Feasibility and vaccine coverage. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 11(6), e0005652. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005652 Pullan, R. L., Freeman, M. C., Gething, P. W., & Brooker, S. J. (2014). Geographical inequalities in use of improved drinking water supply and sanitation across sub-Saharan Africa: Mapping and spatial analysis of cross-sectional survey data. PLOS Medicine, 11(4), e1001626. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001626 Rebaudet, S., Bulit, G., Gaudart, J., Michel, E., Gazin, P., Evers, C., Beaulieu, S., Abedi, A. A., Osei, L., Barrais, R., et al. (2019). The case-area targeted rapid response strategy to control cholera in Haiti: A four-year implementation study. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13(4), e0007263. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007263 Redae, G. A., Mengestu, T. K., Abdalla, F. M., Slim, S. N., Simon, V. T., Ali, A. O., Saguti, G. E., Habtu, M. M., Tegegne, S. G., Msambazi, M. J., & Zabulon, Y. (2023). Towards cholera elimination in Zanzibar: Analysis of evidences on what have worked. The Pan African Medical Journal, 45(Suppl 1). https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.supp.2023.45.1.39828 Ricau, M., Lacan, L., Ihemezue, E., Lantagne, D., & String, G. (2021). Evaluation of monitoring tools for WASH response in a cholera outbreak in northeast Nigeria. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 11(6), 972-982. Richterman, A., Azman, A. S., Constant, G., & Ivers, L. C. (2019). The inverse relationship between national food security and annual cholera incidence: A 30-country analysis. BMJ Global Health, 4(5), e001755. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001755 Roskosky, M., Ali, M., Upreti, S. R., & Sack, D. (2021). Spatial clustering of cholera cases in the Kathmandu Valley: Implications for a ring vaccination strategy. International Health, 13(2), 170-177. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihaa042 Salubi, E. A., & Elliott, S. J. (2021). Geospatial analysis of cholera patterns in Nigeria: Findings from a cross-sectional study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-05894-2 Sauvageot, D., Njanpop-Lafourcade, B. M., Akilimali, L., Anne, J. C., Bidjada, P., Bompangue, D., Bwire, G., Coulibaly, D., Dengo-Baloi, L., Dosso, M., et al. (2016). Cholera incidence and mortality in sub-Saharan African sites during multi-country surveillance. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10(5), e0004679. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004679 Soboksa, N. E., Gari, S. R., Hailu, A. B., & Alemu, B. M. (2020). Association between microbial water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and childhood diarrhea in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. PLOS One, 15(2), e0229303. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229303 Somboonwit, C., Menezes, L. J., Holt, D. A., Sinnott, J. T., & Shapshak, P. (2017). Current views and challenges on clinical cholera. Bioinformation, 13(12), 405. https://doi.org/10.6026/97320630013405 Sow, A. U., Haruna, U. A., Amos, O. A., Olajide, E. O., Amene, T., Odususi, O. D., Adewusi, B. A., Abia, C., Safari, J., Sorinola, F. W., & Alaka, H. O. (2022). Tackling cholera outbreak amidst COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria: Challenges and recommendations. Public Health Reviews, 43, 1604776. https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2022.1604776 Spiegel, P., Ratnayake, R., Hellman, N., Ververs, M., Ngwa, M., Wise, P. H., & Lantagne, D. (2019). Responding to epidemics in large-scale humanitarian crises: A case study of the cholera response in Yemen, 2016-2018. BMJ Global Health, 4(4), e001709. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001709 Taty, N., Bompangue, D., De Richemond, N. M., & Muyembe, J. J. (2023). Spatiotemporal dynamics of cholera in the Democratic Republic of the Congo before and during the implementation of the Multisectoral Cholera Elimination Plan: A cross-sectional study from 2000 to 2021. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 1592. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16449-2 Taylor, D. L., Kahawita, T. M., Cairncross, S., & Ensink, J. H. (2015). The impact of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to control cholera: A systematic review. PLOS One, 10(8), e0135676. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135676 Tran, H. D., Alam, M., Trung, N. V., Van Kinh, N., Nguyen, H. H., Pham, V. C., Ansaruzzaman, M., Rashed, S. M., Bhuiyan, N. A., Dao, T. T., et al. (2012). Multi-drug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 variant El Tor isolated in northern Vietnam between 2007 and 2010. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 61(3), 431-437. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.034744-0 Wolfe, M., Kaur, M., Yates, T., Woodin, M., & Lantagne, D. (2018). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between water, sanitation, and hygiene exposures and cholera in case-control studies. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 99(2), 534. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0897 Yates, T., Vujcic, J. A., Joseph, M. L., Gallandat, K., & Lantagne, D. (2018). Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in outbreak response: A synthesis of evidence. Waterlines, 37(1), 5-30. https://doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.17-00015 Zohura, F., Thomas, E. D., Masud, J., Bhuyian, M. S. I., Parvin, T., Monira, S., Faruque, A. S., Alam, M., & George, C. M. (2022). Formative research for the development of the CHoBI7 Cholera Rapid Response Program for cholera hotspots in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20), 13352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013352

Share Paper

X / Twitter Facebook LinkedIn Email

How to Cite

SYLVESTER CHIBUEZE IZAH; NSIKAK GODWIN ETIM; OLUBUNMI OLAYEMI ALAKA; BORIS CHICHEBEM NWACHUKWU; GODWIN JOSHUA (2024). Public Health Interventions for Cholera Control and Prevention: Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Perspective.. Greener Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15580/gjeph.2024.1.102024145
Back to Publisher Papers Journal Profile